RESUMEN El objetivo que persigue este estudio es identificar las principales necesidades presentes en un grupo de estudiantes de Secundaria Básica en cuanto al nivel de lectura comprensiva que poseen y partiendo de esto proponer un programa de actividades lúdicas para lograr el mejoramiento de esta habilidad, tomando en consideración que las actividades lúdicas representan una herramienta pedagógica que contribuye a potenciar la adquisición de conocimientos y el desarrollo de habilidades en el educando, mejorando aspectos como la motivación, la predisposición, la participación, activa y además permite relacionar los contenidos abordados con cargas emocionales positivas. La metodología empleada en el desarrollo de la investigación se enmarca en el enfoque cualitativo-cuantitativo, por medio de la aplicación de la técnica de la encuesta dirigida a los docentes y a los estudiantes, complementado con la modalidad aplicada puesto que se desarrolló una propuesta ajustada a las dimensiones y a las características de la problemática dentro de la Escuela de Educación Básica Numa Pompilio Llona. Los principales resultados, evidencian que el 50% de estudiantes leen poco, el 70% prefieren leer cuentos, el 90% prefieren que su docente fomente la lectura a través de actividades lúdicas y el 40% de ellos refiere falta de comprensión en la lectura.

RESUMO O objectivo deste estudo é identificar as principais necessidades presentes num grupo de alunos do Ensino Secundário Básico em termos do nível de leitura abrangente que possuem e, com base nisso, propor uma série de actividades lúdicas para alcançar a melhoria desta competência, tendo em consideração que as actividades lúdicas representam uma ferramenta pedagógica que ajuda a melhorar a aquisição de conhecimentos e o desenvolvimento de competências no aluno, melhorando aspectos como a motivação, a predisposição, a participação, a actividade e também permite relacionar os conteúdos abordados com cargas emocionais positivas. A metodologia utilizada no desenvolvimento da investigação está enquadrada na abordagem qualitativa-quantitativa, através da aplicação da técnica do inquérito dirigido aos professores e aos alunos, complementada com a modalidade aplicada, uma vez que foi desenvolvida uma proposta ajustada às dimensões e às características da problemática dentro da Escola do Ensino Básico Numa Pompilio Llona. Os principais resultados mostram que 50% dos alunos lêem pouco, 70% preferem ler histórias, 90% preferem que o seu professor incentive a leitura através de actividades lúdicas e 40% deles referem a falta de compreensão de leitura.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to identify the main needs present in a group of elementary school students in terms of their comprehension reading level and, based on this, to propose a series of recreational activities to achieve the improvement of this skill, taking into consideration that recreational activities represent a pedagogical tool that contributes to enhance the acquisition of knowledge and the development of skills in the student, improving aspects such as motivation, predisposition, active participation, and also allows relating the contents addressed with positive emotional charges. The methodology used in the development of the research is framed in the qualitative-quantitative approach, through the application of the survey technique directed to teachers and students, complemented with the applied modality since a proposal adjusted to the dimensions and characteristics of the problem within the School of Basic Education Numa Pompilio Llona was developed. The main results show that 50% of the students read little, 70% prefer to read stories, 90% prefer their teacher to encourage reading through playful activities and 40% of them refer to a lack of reading comprehension.

RESUMO Embora antes da pandemia houvesse alguma resistência à virtualização da educação odontológica, a pandemia COVID-19 está nos fornecendo uma oportunidade única de superar várias barreiras que anteriormente bloqueavam a adoção do ensino à distância e teledontologia. Graças à ampla disponibilidade de telecomunicações, tecnologias digitais e plataformas, a educação à distância e a teledontologia parecem ser a escolha preferida para manter a educação odontológica e o atendimento ativo aos pacientes durante a pandemia, sem riscos de contaminação. Neste artigo, revisamos estratégias válidas de educação a distância e possíveis alternativas úteis na transformação virtual na educação odontológica. Além disso, o papel do teleodontologia e suas vantagens, assim como também os desafios. No atual contexto pandêmico, como educadores odontológicos, somos chamados a ser criativos e flexíveis. Cada escola de odontologia deve se adaptar e usar a educação à distância, tanto quanto possível, até que a atenção clínica possa ser readotada. As evidências apresentadas nesta revisão corroboram nossa posição de que, sob esta pandemia, a educação a distância e a telemedicina / teleodontologia podem ser “a solução virtual conveniente”, para adaptar e aprimorar a forma até então clássica de ensino de odontologia, agora por meio da teleducação.

ABSTRACT Although prior to the pandemic there was some resistance to the virtualization of dental education, the COVID-19 pandemic is providing us a unique opportunity to overcome several barriers that previously blocked the adoption of remote teaching and teledentistry. Thanks to the extended availability of telecommunications, digital technologies, and platforms, remote education and teledentistry appear to be the preferred choice to maintain dental education and patient care active under this pandemic, without contamination risks. In this paper, we review valid remote education strategies and possible alternatives useful in virtual transformation in dental education. Furthermore, the role of teledentistry and its advantages and challenges are also revised. Under the current pandemic context, as dental educators, we are called to be creative and flexible. Every dental school should adapt and use remote education as much as possible until clinical attention can be readopted. The evidence presented in this review supports our position that under this pandemic, remote education and telemedicine/teledentistry may be “the virtual convenient solution”, to adapt and improve the hitherto classic way of teaching dentistry through tele-education.

SUMMARY Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is highly transmissible through respiratory droplets, saliva, and aerosol particles. Infection can lead to severe acute respiratory syndrome and trigger multi-organ failure and death. Most clinical dental procedures involve contact with saliva or the generation of aerosols with saliva and blood. These airborne particles increase the risk of transmission by COVID-19 between dentists and patients. Thus, dentistry must adopt procedures to reduce transmission during dental procedures. Although these strategies may not be directly applicable to all institutions due to cultural, social, geographical, and economic differences, the underlying principles and implemented strategies remain relevant and can be adopted or modified by the institutions dealing with the current COVID-19 outbreak. The purpose of this article is to discuss one of the principal sources of COVID-19 transmission: saliva, the biofluid most frequently handled in a radiology environment. The authors also recommend strategies and operational procedures to decrease the spread of COVID-19 in a radiological routine.

RESUMEN La enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) se transmite fácilmente a través de gotitas respiratorias, saliva y partículas de aerosol. La infección puede desencadenar un síndrome respiratorio agudo severo, insuficiencia multiorgánica y, en algunos casos, la muerte. Los procedimientos clínicos dentales determinan el contacto con saliva o la generación de aerosoles con saliva y sangre, lo que implica un alto riesgo de transmisión por COVID-19 entre odontólogos y pacientes. Por ello, la práctica odontologica debe adoptar medidas para detener la propagación durante los procedimientos dentales. En este artículo se revisan las estrategias para mitigar el riesgo de transmisión de COVID-19. Si bien estas estrategias pueden no ser directamente aplicables a todas las instituciones debido a diferencias culturales, sociales, geográficas y económicas inherentes, los principios subyacentes y las estrategias implementadas siguen siendo relevantes y pueden ser adoptados o modificados por las instituciones que se ocupan del brote actual de COVID-19. El propósito de este artículo es discutir una de las principales fuentes de transmisión de COVID-19: la saliva, el biofluido que se maneja con mayor frecuencia en un entorno radiológico. Los autores también recomiendan estrategias y procedimientos operativos para disminuir la propagación de COVID-19 en una rutina radiológica.

Conducting a same day smears is a strategy that has recently been adopted by the World Health Organization. Our study sought to determine the additional diagnostic yield of a second sputum smear taken on the same day among patients with respiratory symptoms, attended at the emergency room from two hospitals in Lima. We included 270 patients from January to November 2011, which were asked two samples of sputum within two hours; the samples were processed by the Ziehl Neelsen method. The frequency of positive sputum smears was 18.5%. The additional diagnostic yield for the second smear was 20.9%. Considering the high prevalence of tuberculosis diagnosed by sputum smear, it is suggested that this test be included routinely in the emergency rooms of hospitals in Lima Metro area.

La realización de una baciloscopía el mismo día de la atención del paciente es una estrategia que recientemente ha sido adoptada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Nuestro estudio buscó determinar el rendimiento diagnóstico adicional de una segunda baciloscopía tomada en un mismo día en pacientes con síntomas respiratorios, atendidos en el servicio de emergencia de dos hospitales de Lima. Se incluyeron 270 pacientes desde enero a noviembre de 2011, a los cuales se les solicitó dos muestras de esputo con un lapso de dos horas; las muestras fueron procesadas mediante el método de Ziehl Neelsen. La frecuencia de baciloscopías positivas fue del 18,5%. El rendimiento diagnóstico adicional de la segunda baciloscopía fue 20,9%. Considerando la alta frecuencia de tuberculosis diagnosticada por baciloscopía, se sugiere que esta prueba sea incluida de manera rutinaria en las emergencias de los hospitales de Lima Metropolitana.

Conducting a same day smears is a strategy that has recently been adopted by the World Health Organization. Our study sought to determine the additional diagnostic yield of a second sputum smear taken on the same day among patients with respiratory symptoms, attended at the emergency room from two hospitals in Lima. We included 270 patients from January to November 2011, which were asked two samples of sputum within two hours; the samples were processed by the Ziehl Neelsen method. The frequency of positive sputum smears was 18.5%. The additional diagnostic yield for the second smear was 20.9%. Considering the high prevalence of tuberculosis diagnosed by sputum smear, it is suggested that this test be included routinely in the emergency rooms of hospitals in Lima Metro area

La realización de una baciloscopía el mismo día de la atención del paciente es una estrategia que recientemente ha sido adoptada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Nuestro estudio buscó determinar el rendimiento diagnóstico adicional de una segunda baciloscopía tomada en un mismo día en pacientes con síntomas respiratorios, atendidos en el servicio de emergencia de dos hospitales de Lima. Se incluyeron 270 pacientes desde enero a noviembre de 2011, a los cuales se les solicitó dos muestras de esputo con un lapso de dos horas; las muestras fueron procesadas mediante el método de Ziehl Neelsen. La frecuencia de baciloscopías positivas fue del 18,5%. El rendimiento diagnóstico adicional de la segunda baciloscopía fue 20,9%. Considerando la alta frecuencia de tuberculosis diagnosticada por baciloscopía, se sugiere que esta prueba sea incluida de manera rutinaria en las emergencias de los hospitales de Lima Metropolitana

Objectives: Data from the participation of our department in the ERSPC study in terms of detection and PSA diagnostic yield, staging, therapeutic management and mortality in the context of a multicentric randomized screening study for prostate cancer. Methods: Patients were recruited between February 1996 and June 1999, randomized in screening and control arms, with several rounds for screening patients with four-year intervals, with PSA analysis and sextant prostate biopsy (t PSA 4 ng/ml before May 1998, tPSA 2.99 ng/ml after May 1998). These tests were not done in the control group. All deaths were studied (date and cause). Results: A total of 4278 patients were included, 2416 in the screening arm (56.4%) and 1862 in the control arm (43.5%), with an age between 45 and 70 years (mean age 57.8 years, 95 CI 57.6-58.0). Median follow-up was 8.77 years. 142 prostate cancers were found, 113 in the screening arm (accumulated detection rate 4.7%) and 29 in the control arm (1.6%). Detection rates were 1.7%, 2.2% and 0% in the first, second and third round respectively. Organ con.ned cancers (T1 and T2) were 102 in the screening arm (90.3%) and 24 in the control arm (82.8%), p = 0.254. Metastatic disease was found in six patients (4.2% out of 142), 3 in the screening arm (2.7%) and three in the control arm (10.3%), p = 0.187. Radical prostatectomy was the most frequently performed treatment: 47 cases in the screening arm (41.6%), 10 in the control arm (34.5%). 151 patients have died, 82 in the screening arm and 69 in the control arm. Only 3 of this deaths were secondary to prostate cancer, all of them in the screening arm (p = 0.308). Conclusions: We observed a non signi.cant tendency to lower clinical stages in patients undergoing screening. Radical surgery was the treatment of choice in patients with prostate cancer. Even with the current follow-up in the series (close to 9 years), no differences have been observed in terms of prostate cancer mortality between both study arms.

Objetivo: Datos de la participación de nuestro Centro en el ERSPC en términos de detección y rendimiento diagnóstico del PSA, estadiaje, manejo terapéutico y mortalidad, en el contexto de un estudio multicéntrico randomizado de screening del cáncer de próstata (CaP). Métodos: Se reclutaron pacientes entre febrero de 1996 y junio de 1999, randomizando en brazos screening y control, realizado varias rondas a los pacientes del brazo screening con intervalo de 4 años, con determinación de PSA y biopsia prostática sextante (PSAt 4ng/mL hasta mayo de 1998, posteriormente PSAt2.99ng/mL), sin realizar dichos tests en los varones del grupo control. Se investigaron los fallecimientos (fecha de defunción y causa de la misma). Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 4.278 pacientes, 2.416 del brazo screening (56,4%) y 1.862 del brazo control (43,5%), con edad entre 45 a 70 años y media de 57,8 años (IC95 57,6-58,0). La mediana del tiempo de seguimiento fue de 8,77 años. Se encontraron 142 cánceres, 113 del brazo screening (tasa de detección acumulada 4,7%) y 29 del brazo control (1,6%). Las tasas de detección fueron de 1,7%, 2,2% y 0% en la primera, segunda y tercera ronda respectivamente. Los cánceres órgano confinados (T1 y T2) fueron 102 en el brazo screening (90,3%) y 24 en el control (82,8%), p=0,254. Se detectaron 6 pacientes con enfermedad metastásica (4,2% de 142), 3 del brazo screening (2,7%) y 3 del control (10,3%), p=0,187. El tratamiento más realizado fue la prostatectomía radical: 47 del brazo screening (41,6%) y 10 del control (34,5%). Se han producido 151 fallecimientos, 82 en el brazo screening y 69 en el control, de estos sólo 3 fallecimientos por CaP, todos del brazo screening (p=0,308). Conclusiones: Se observa tendencia no significativa hacia estadíos clínicos más precoces en los pacientes sometidos a screening. El tratamiento de elección en los pacientes con CaP fue la cirugía radical. Aún con el seguimiento actual de esta serie (cercano a los 9 años), no se han observado en nuestro Centro diferencias en cuanto a la mortalidad por CaP entre los dos brazos del estudio.